@article {stachl2020,
	author = {Stachl, Clemens and Au, Quay and Schoedel, Ramona and Gosling, Samuel D. and Harari, Gabriella M. and Buschek, Daniel and V{\"o}lkel, Sarah Theres and Schuwerk, Tobias and Oldemeier, Michelle and Ullmann, Theresa and Hussmann, Heinrich and Bischl, Bernd and B{\"u}hner, Markus},
	title = {Predicting personality from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones},
	volume = {117},
	number = {30},
	pages = {17680--17687},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1920484117},
	publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
	abstract = {Smartphones are sensor-rich computers that can easily be used to collect extensive records of behaviors, posing serious threats to individuals{\textquoteright} privacy. This study examines the extent to which individuals{\textquoteright} personality dimensions (assessed at broad domain and narrow facet levels) can be predicted from six classes of behavior: 1) communication and social behavior, 2) music consumption, 3) app usage, 4) mobility, 5) overall phone activity, and 6) day- and night-time activity, in a large sample. The cross-validated results show which Big Five personality dimensions are predictable and which specific patterns of behavior are indicative of which dimensions, revealing communication and social behavior as most predictive overall. Our results highlight the benefits and dangers posed by the widespread collection of smartphone data.Smartphones enjoy high adoption rates around the globe. Rarely more than an arm{\textquoteright}s length away, these sensor-rich devices can easily be repurposed to collect rich and extensive records of their users{\textquoteright} behaviors (e.g., location, communication, media consumption), posing serious threats to individual privacy. Here we examine the extent to which individuals{\textquoteright} Big Five personality dimensions can be predicted on the basis of six different classes of behavioral information collected via sensor and log data harvested from smartphones. Taking a machine-learning approach, we predict personality at broad domain (rmedian = 0.37) and narrow facet levels (rmedian = 0.40) based on behavioral data collected from 624 volunteers over 30 consecutive days (25,347,089 logging events). Our cross-validated results reveal that specific patterns in behaviors in the domains of 1) communication and social behavior, 2) music consumption, 3) app usage, 4) mobility, 5) overall phone activity, and 6) day- and night-time activity are distinctively predictive of the Big Five personality traits. The accuracy of these predictions is similar to that found for predictions based on digital footprints from social media platforms and demonstrates the possibility of obtaining information about individuals{\textquoteright} private traits from behavioral patterns passively collected from their smartphones. Overall, our results point to both the benefits (e.g., in research settings) and dangers (e.g., privacy implications, psychological targeting) presented by the widespread collection and modeling of behavioral data obtained from smartphones.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	URL = {https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17680},
	eprint = {https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17680.full.pdf},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}
}