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Mohamed Khamis, Florian Alt, Andreas Bulling
The Past, Present, and Future of Gaze-enabled Handheld Mobile Devices: Survey and Lessons Learned
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (bib)

While first-generation mobile gaze interfaces required specialpurpose hardware, recent advances in computational gaze estimation and the availability of sensor-rich and powerful devices is finally fulfilling the promise of pervasive eye tracking and eye-based interaction on off-the-shelf mobile devices. This work provides the first holistic view on the past, present, and future of eye tracking on handheld mobile devices. To this end, we discuss how research developed from building hardware prototypes, to accurate gaze estimation on unmodified smartphones and tablets. We then discuss implications by laying out 1) novel opportunities, including pervasive advertising and conducting in-the-wild eye tracking studies on handhelds, and 2) new challenges that require further research, such as visibility of the userâs eyes, lighting conditions, and privacy implications. We discuss how these developments shape MobileHCI research in the future, possibly the next 20 years.